The DNS Internet protocol was originally designed with virtually no security in its specifications. This protocol was fit for purpose during the earlier days of the Internet in the 1980s and early 1990s. As time progressed, DNS began to experience several distinct classes of vulnerabilities and threats, which may be exploited in an insidious manner. The threats include, but are not limited to, packet interception, query identity prediction, cache poisoning and betrayal by a trusted server.